Social Lens is an open access peer reviewed journal which publishes works from a wide range of fields of humanities, arts, and social sciences. Social Lens publishes theoretical, methodological, quantitative and qualitative scholarship that contributes to the literature. We encourage the submission of interdisciplinary perspectives where there is a clear relevance to the advancement of the humanities, or behavioural or social sciences.
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Analyzing Youth's Purchasing Behaviors: A Study on Smartphone Shopping in Bangladesh
The current research investigates the purchasing behavior of young consumers when they are purchasing smartphones in the Bangladeshi local market. The Consumer Decision-Making Model of Engel, and experimental approach was used to analyze responses gathered from a questionnaire and other secondary data sources. The results indicate possible behavioral factors (economic, psychological, technological, cultural, availability and after sales services) affecting people's tendency to choose their preferred product in first-growing economic practices. Mixed methods statistical analysis uncover key factors influencing youth participation in the escalating smartphone market. The findings indicate the impact of consumer trends on the industry landscape and economic dynamics, offering a broader perspective for future sustainability considerations and decision-making processes. The research indicates the influence of social and cultural factors on youth preferences for smartphone brands and features. Policymakers and businesses can use these results to tailor their strategies to meet the evolving needs and desires of the youth market in Bangladesh.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Volunteer Performances and Funeral Services in Myanmar
Volunteers as individuals and groups contribute to the process of community development by committing time and energy for the benefit of society and the community, the environment, or individuals outside or in addition to one's immediate family. In the 1990s, Myanmar has grown exponentially in grassroots social organizations including independent funeral services. Since then, philanthropy "parahita" has expanded across Myanmar. Volunteering is one of the main conduits through which the principles and values of community development can be implemented. Hence, the current study explores the services of volunteers working in free funeral service societies in urban areas from a wide range of volunteering. Qualitative research methods such as key informant interviews and participant observation were applied in the data collection. The findings show that voluntary performances can also be seen as a plural performance, as volunteers practice many different religions and belong to many different ethnic groups. The good will-led manners, words, and activities of volunteers have reduced grief and burden of the bereaved family members requiring the funeral arrangements. The accurate performances and goodwill-based manners and activities of the volunteers and the staff lead to the growth and success of free funeral service activities. Therefore, volunteering in funeral services plays an important role and it has also been seen as an indication of citizen participation in the development of the country.
Revisiting Female Instructional Leaders’ Crisis Management Experience During the Pandemic: A Phenomenological Inquiry
This study was designed in Contingency Theory to explore the leadership struggles, strategies, and contextual influences experienced by female instructional leaders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing a semi-structured, researcher-developed interview guide, the research aimed to uncover how cultural and institutional factors shaped their crisis leadership, filling in the limited research regarding the lived experiences of female instructional leaders during said pandemic. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with five purposely selected female instructional leaders from various schools. Thematic analysis was performed following Braun and Clarke’s six-phase approach. The analysis yielded three major themes, namely gendered leadership challenges, cultural and institutional influences, and adaptive crisis management strategies. These were further categorized into eight sub-themes and twenty thematic categories. Female instructional leaders exhibited a relational and context-responsive leadership style marked by emotional resilience, equity-oriented practices, and collaborative innovation. Findings highlight the need for gender-sensitive support systems and inclusive policy reforms to strengthen educational leadership in times of crisis.
Traditional Families in Georgia and The Liberal Paradigm
Strong families are one of the foundations of the state's strength. Georgia is one of the countries with the oldest civilization, where traditional family values are preserved, because it is important for the majority of the country's population. Traditions in general, including family traditions, are valuable for most of the population in Georgia. Since Georgia is one of the oldest countries in the world, the preservation and conservation of family traditions is of particular importance. This happens not only among Georgians, but among all the ethnic groups, including Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Russians, and Ossetians, that have been living in this country for centuries. All of them protect family traditions, which is guaranteed by the Constitution of Georgia, as "the family is the unity of a man and a woman." It was added to the Constitution of Georgia due to the challenges that traditional families may face. With advancing liberalization, traditional families are facing serious challenges in Georgia. The research will discuss the intersection of traditional family values and liberal ideologies in Georgia.
Shifting Market Power: The Role of Supply Chain Disruptions in Redefining Global Trade Dynamics
Global supply chains have recently faced intense disruptions, especially due to COVID-19, exposing vulnerabilities across industries. This study explores how large-scale shocks such as pandemics, geopolitical conflicts, and environmental crises are transforming global market power and trade patterns. Analyzing sectors like technology, automotive, and pharmaceuticals, the research highlights how developed economies, traditionally dominant, are increasingly dependent on emerging markets, which are gaining influence. Factors like digital innovation, rising logistics costs, and trade restrictions further drive these shifts. The findings underscore the need for resilience, localization, and adaptive strategies, offering guidance for policymakers and industry leaders to strengthen trade stability.
Copyright (c) 2024 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Involvement of women in the political life of the country in Georgia
For decades, women in Georgia have been actively involved in the political life of the country. Despite this, society still has a mixed attitude towards the role of women in politics. Some of them consider the main function of women in Georgia to be raising children and taking care of the family and use the terms “Caucasian mentality” and “Georgian mentality” as arguments for this. However, part of society finds such an attitude towards women unacceptable. They believe that the problem of women’s involvement in politics should not be discussed. As for the term, “Georgian mentality”, it should be noted that historically in Georgia, women have always been involved in the political life of the country. We even had female kings. Recently, the role of women in the labor market has increased significantly. Today, more women are employed in various jobs. Accordingly, women are becoming more active in society, especially in politics. Therefore, women work in the workplace and are responsible for the family at the same time. A woman cannot be fully realized if she does not take care of her professional career along with family affairs. Women are more flexible in various critical situations. In addition, they are better diplomats than men. Women can also organize things better. Women are more emotional. Therefore, they take the problems of others closer to their hearts and have a greater desire to help them. There are many talented women in Georgia. The involvement of women in the decision-making process is increasing. This was facilitated by the fact that a lot of work has been done to protect women's rights. However, it should be noted that many challenges remain in terms of protecting women's rights. Here, we will focus on the status of women's rights and their inclusion in Georgian politics. We will focus on the achievements and challenges in this direction. The fact that women's political participation has become important in Georgia is clear from the fact that women's representation in parliament has exceeded 30%. This is evidence that a healthy environment has been created for women involved in politics. In addition, recent history shows that in the parliament, which is mostly staffed by male politicians, many important changes have been implemented to improve the rights of women.
Countries are categorised as federal or unitary based on their level of autonomy in governance. Federalism is a political system in which constituent entities have autonomy to the point that sovereignty is shared by the union and the ‘units’ (commonly referred to as states). So, a state contains states. The term ‘federation’ etymologically refers to a union or league formed by agreement. However, fiscal federalism is not limited to federal nations. It is mainly concerned with the allocation of tasks and resources between two (or more) levels of government (or administrative divisions), regardless of whether the state is nominally federal or not. Inter-governmental resource transfer occurs due to differences in fiscal capability and requirements across governments at various levels. Fiscal federalism principles apply in most countries, including those that are not formally federal. Richard Musgrave, an American economist born in Germany, coined the phrase ‘fiscal federalism" in 1959. In 1999, Wallace E. Oakes described fiscal federalism as “understanding which functions and instruments are best centralised and which are best placed in the sphere of decentralised levels of government. This notion is applicable to all types of government: unitary, federal, and confederal.” A 9-judges panel of the Supreme Court of India has recently promulgated its ruling – pertaining to the case of Mineral Area Development Authority – elucidating the legal framework concerning the prerogatives of the states to levy taxes on minerals and land and buildings, both of which represent distinct taxation authorities of the states. The panel was tasked with evaluating the validity of a 1989 ruling rendered by a 7-judges panel, which had been subsequently revisited in 2004 by a 5-judges panel and subsequently cast in doubt in 2011, necessitating its referral for consideration. Consequently, this 9-judges panel ruling addresses a protracted controversy persisted for decades. The ramifications of this ruling, however, extend significantly beyond the immediate context. It clarifies the prerogatives and constraints of the states regarding their taxing authority over land in general and mineral rights specifically, thereby lifting the limitations imposed by the 1989 ruling and those preceding it chronologically. A range of other constitutionally pertinent propositions emerge from the ruling, which underscore its significance. This research discusses the ‘fiscal federalism’ in the light of the landmark judgement delivered in July 2024, regarding the states’ power to tax the minerals.
Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act
Copyright (c) 2025 Arryan Mohanty, Sargam Bansal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Drag Performance: A Space for Gender Expression and Identity Formation
Drag performance is a dynamic form of self-expression that challenges traditional gender expectations and allows individuals to explore identity beyond conventional norms. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this study explored how drag served as a space for gender expression and identity formation among local drag performers in the Philippines. Guided by Judith Butler’s Gender Performativity Theory, it examined how identities were constructed and negotiated through repeated acts of drag performance. The study employed a semi-structured interview guide, conducted virtually with five (5) local drag performers selected through purposeful sampling. The collected data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method of thematic analysis, which revealed five (5) interconnected stages that illustrate how performers navigated their evolving sense of gender and self: (1) using drag as a space for self-discovery; (2) exploring gender through fluid expression; (3) gaining confidence through a drag persona; (4) adapting creatively to social and economic challenges; and (5) building solidarity amid marginalization. These findings showed that drag performance becomes a transformative process that supports fluid gender expression and affirms self-defined identities both on and off stage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mixed Proportional Representation in Election System of Bangladesh
This study examines the necessity for electoral reform in Bangladesh and proposes a Mixed Proportional Representation (MPR) system as a feasible alternative to the current First-Past-the-Post (FPTP) model. The existing system, despite its simplistic design, has led to unequal representation, political monopolization, and the insufficient representation of marginalized groups. The suggested MPR model can integrate constituency-based representation with proportional party lists to guarantee local accountability and enhanced political inclusion. The study elucidates the potential of MPR to foster pluralism, mitigate election distortion, and augment democratic involvement by drawing insights from comparative political systems. The research analyses the structural, political, and logistical obstacles that can impede the prompt implementation of this system in Bangladesh, including institutional unpreparedness, legislative limitations, and opposition from prevailing factions. A methodical implementation strategy, encompassing legal reforms, civic education, and international cooperation can help gradual transition to MPR, fostering a more egalitarian and robust democratic process in Bangladesh.
Metaphorical Expression in Arabic Poetry
Arab poets have put their best to imbue their texts with creativity. One such tool is metaphor or visual structuring, which involves breaking the conventional structure of the poetic text to enhance its potential meanings. This phenomenon is significant in rhetorical studies, as it treats poetic text as a mode of expression that deviates from the norm. Metaphorical expressions in Arabic poetry attempt to replace literal expression with vivid imagery, evident in the frequent use of personification and the fragmentation of poetic verses into multiple rhetorical phrases. Metaphorical expressions in Arabic poetry, particularly Umayyad poetry, have not been thoroughly studied. This may be due to the assumption that its repetition in poetic themes diminishes its value. The true value of Arabic poetry, especially Umayyad poetry—lies not in its volume and frequency but in its depth, originality, and the creativity of the poet. Absence of comprehensive research in rhetorical writing and metaphorical expression in Umayyad poetry justifies this study. Current study has been designed to explore role of metaphorical expression in Arabic poetry in developing the recipient’s rhetorical appreciation. This study adopts an analytical approach based on observation and analysis, with an in-depth and concentrated approach. Current research has been designed to bridge this gap.
Queering the Classroom: The Lived Experiences of Drag Queens in a Public Educational Space
Drag performance, while often seen as entertainment, serves as a transformative and political act within academic settings. This study investigates the lived experiences of drag queens in a public university, focusing on the socio-educational effects of their visibility. Grounded in Queer Theory, the research explores how drag intersects with identity formation, resistance against institutional norms, political expression, and the need for community and institutional support. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive-phenomenological method and online written interviews, four major themes emerged: engaging in drag for personal development, challenging restrictive academic structures, using drag for cultural and political advocacy, and seeking peer and institutional support. Drag is more than performance as it is a tool for empowerment, activism, and educational inclusion. This research highlights the need for academic institutions to move more than just symbolic gestures toward genuine structural change. When drag is embraced within educational institution, it transforms schools into inclusive spaces that affirm gender diversity and challenge oppressive norms. The literature to date offers a start, but strong evidence is required for a full understanding. This research gap calls for an in-depth study to fill the absence of empirical data and the population gap in this field. The specific lives of drag queens demand in-depth research to appreciate their challenges and contributions to society properly.
Students’ Views on Extracurricular Activities in Enhancing Social Skills and Self-Concept
Extracurricular activities (ECAs) play a vital role in students’ overall development by extending learning beyond the classroom and supporting personal and social growth. This study explored how high school students perceive the influence of ECAs on their social skills and self-concept. A qualitative descriptive research design involving high school SSLG Presidents or Council Governors from Grades 7 to 12, selected through purposeful sampling. Data were collected through interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. Through participation in ECAs, students experienced the personal growth through increased self-confidence, clarified self-concept, and a shift from external to internal motivation; social integration through improved communication, expanded peer networks, and interaction with diverse groups; emotional development through managing pressure, navigating emotional highs and lows, and building resilience; leadership growth through hands-on responsibilities and collaboration; and life preparedness through better time management and exposure to real-world tasks. Students viewed ECAs as important in developing social and personal skills that go beyond academics. This study highlights the positive impact of ECAs on students’ self-awareness, leadership, and emotional maturity, especially in relation to self-concept, an area still underrepresented in current research.
Reviving Humanity Through Faith: A Study of Maulana Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi's Socio-Religious Contributions
Post-independence India has witnessed significant political, social, and religious transformations. Amid the evolving landscape of a multi-religious and pluralistic society, Indian Muslims encountered numerous challenges related to identity, education, and communal relations. Maulana Abu al-Hasan Ali Nadwi (1914-1999) was known in South Asia as Ali Mian. He was a profound scholar of Islam and held a prominent position in India and the Islamic world. He was a great Islamic thinker, preacher, writer, and socio-religious reformer of the twentieth century. He had a profound influence on the entire Muslim world and deserves special attention. It is, therefore, essential to be familiar with his significant works on various aspects of Islam, many of which provide reliable analyses of the multiple problems facing the Muslim Ummah. Maulana Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi has written over two hundred books that revive the faith in the hearts of millions of Muslims, addressing diverse aspects. His primary focus was on improving Muslim society, particularly in its social, religious, and educational aspects, and reviving the glorious past of Muslims worldwide. Maulana Nadwi's socio-religious reform works revolutionized the thinking process of post-independent India. By adopting a qualitative approach and revisiting Nadwi's vision, the paper contributes to broader discussions on religious coexistence, minority rights, and the role of Islamic scholarship in democratic contexts.
Closing The Gender Pay Gap in India: An Analysis
The gender pay gap is the difference between what men and women get paid for doing the same work. India's gender wage disparity exists despite significant progress in literacy, economic growth and participation in the labour force by women, and women's rights-based movements. Overall, women in India earn 19–24% less than men, across all sectors. This gap is due to various factors including stereotype ideas about gender, occupational separation, and structural inequalities. The gender pay gap is a widely used measure of gender disparity in the workplace and is used to track progress towards gender equality. In the unorganised economy, women experience more pay disparity. Since they are paid less than males, this wage disparity is particularly common in the industry, IT, and agriculture sectors, highlighting their disparate skill sets. The stigma associated with women is that they are perceived as having less power than males. Gender justice cannot be accomplished, and the wage gap may not narrow, unless the societal stigma against women in the workplace and society is removed. Globally, gender inequality is a serious problem. It acts as a barrier to greater economic equality and improved working conditions.
Issues and Challenges in Agricultural Reforms with reference to the ideology of Dr. Babasaheb R. Ambedkar in present scenario
Farming is one of the primary sources as well as foundation of economic activities of India. A huge part of rural population of India which estimated around 65% depends on agriculture. It guarantees about 58% employment in the country. After 75 years of independence, there is still poverty in rural areas. Removal of poverty and raising the living standard of common man must be a prime concern for a welfare state in a democratic system. After independence, various Indian states initiated the process for land reforms through legislation. The Zamindari Abolition and Land Reform Act, 1950 was enacted to abolish the very exploitative system of Zamindari and introduce land reforms. Uttar Pradesh Revenue Code, 2006 was enacted repealing Zamindari Abolition and Land Reform Act, 1950to amalgamate, modify and improve legal framework regarding land occupancies and legal provisions related to land revenue applicable in Sate. Land reform is not a prime concern of this new Code. It does not address the issues related to the productivity of land, technological support to farmers, establishing necessary infrastructure such as construction of tanks, wells, water channels, supply of water for agricultural purposes, the protection of land from floods, levelling or terracing of land, erection of buildings for profitable use of the holding, employment of capital and labor. Three acts governing agricultural issues were passed by Parliament in 2020. First one of them is the Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020 (FAPAFS Act, 2020). The national legal framework for Contract Farming was created. The law-making body put its sincere efforts to regulate the relations between various stakeholders of contract farming. Apprehending future disputes, comprehensive mechanism for resolution of disputes also evolved under the above legal framework. The second one is the Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020 (FPTC Act, 2020). FPTC Act, 2020 protects the rights to choice and provided liberty to the farmers to sell their farm produce anywhere in the country without any legal hindrance. The Act aims to stimulate online marketing system for farmers in whole country. To regulate supply of essential agricultural produces and items, the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 was amended to empower Central Government to take appropriate legal recourse in interest of the nation and public during unexpected situations of the country. Unexpected situations were mentioned in the Act such as war, famine, natural calamities or unusual price rises in the market. Thus, the major issue of agricultural reforms was still untouched under these laws. Although, The Farm Laws Repeal Act 2021 has been passed, and all the above three Acts have been repealed. The impact of these agricultural laws on the tenurial rights has also to be analysed.
Bridging Worlds: The Global Reception and Cultural Impact of Yemeni Novels
The Yemeni cultures surrounding the modern world are revealing themselves through the writings of modern Yemeni authors. Their works have managed to reach the ears of the world triggering both positive and negative conversations revolving around their identity, culture, conflict, as well as the diaspora. This research investigation aims to answer how these Yemeni novels are received outside of Yemen and the cultural significance they have, including their impact on the people and the reason behind their appealing nature. Employing qualitative methods of literary critique and thematic analysis, this study aims to uncover how Arabian literature speaks to global issues. The findings reveal a nuanced fascination a great amount of insight is offered through their sociopolitical mess. This analysis seeks to explain the means through which Yemeni people seek to assert their cultural positions in the global literary marketplace with an emphasis on postcolonial and biotraumatic approaches to challenge Western narratives and promote cross cultural conversation. Additionally, this research brings attention to the need of unyielding focus on the role of translation and international collaboration in heightening the prominence of Yemeni literature. By doing this, this work aims to illuminate the various facets of the world in relation to the extent of his research. Furthermore, it explores the experiences that these novels provide.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Saeed Ahmed Mocbil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Holistic Approach to Student Well-being: Balancing Health and Academic Success for Students Living Abroad
This study explores the challenges encountered by students living abroad as they struggle to reconcile their academic responsibilities with maintaining their mental, emotional and physical health. This article emphasizes the significance of implementing a health-oriented and well-structured routine. A practical and easy-to-implement approach was proposed to assist students living abroad in balancing their tiresome academic journey with a healthy and organic lifestyle. The aspects related to corporal and cognitive health, stress and time management, and psychological well-being were considered while developing an optimal everyday schedule for international students combatting cultural, linguistic, educational and social discrepancies beyond borders. The authors experimentally implemented the proposed framework in a case study. As a result, a significant total body weight loss of 16 kg was achieved within four months to get rid of obesity. Other benefits included alleviated levels of anxiety, stress, hypertension, hair loss and visual impairment-related issues. To conclude, this multidisciplinary investigation aims to contribute to the existing literature on social sciences and sustainable cognitive health practices for overseas students.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saira Tahir , Zunaira Tahir , Ayesha Asghar , Nida Ashiq , Haseeb Ahmed , Attia Qammar , Ali Azam , Ammar Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cybersecurity Compliance Frameworks- a pragmatic view with an IT outsourcing company case study
This paper practically deals with the theoretical base drawn from the standards and rules posed by various international bodies in terms of information security. To start with, this paper defines what security framework is applied practically to an IT outsourcing company based in UK named Cyberfox. Hence the relevant laws of the land are analyzed like NIS (The Network and Information Systems Regulations 2018) and GDPR (General Data Protection Regulations). By doing so, a framework in cyber security is tried to be fit in for this company called Cyberfox. By careful analysis and critical evaluation ofthe pros and cons of such companies’ framework and whether it is a workable model is discussed in the first half of the paper. The second half of the paper basically details the NIST (National Institute of Standards & Technology) cyber security framework and the Internal Organization of Standardization protocols in respect to 4 specific standards like Information Security Management systems (ISMS) measurement (ISO 27004), Information security risk management (ISO 27005), Requirements of bodies providing audit services (ISO 27006) and Governance of Information Security (ISO 27014). All these four are studied for their merits and demerits for practical purposes.
Hadith Illumination: Exploring Nawab Siddique Hasan Khan's Legacy
This research explores the significant contributions of Nawab Ṣiddique Ḥasan Khan (1832-1890), a distinguished scholar from India, to the field of Islamic studies, with a particular focus on Ḥadith. Nawab's profound impact on the Muslim world stems from his dedicated efforts in religious sciences and societal services. As a prolific and gifted author, he extensively covered theology, Quran, Ḥadith, Fiqh, Islamic history, culture, ethics, politics, and economics, showcasing a comprehensive understanding of Islam and its fundamental sciences. Belonging to the Ahl-i-Ḥadith group, Nawab was a strict Sunnite and non-conformist traditionalist, rejecting the authority of medieval Muslim Scholars in favor of individual judgment based on the Quran and the Prophet's sayings. As an eminent Muḥaddith, he vehemently opposed weak and fabricated Ahadith, defending the legislative position of Ḥadith and acknowledging the six canonical books known as al-Ṣihah al-Sittah. His works were recognized for their richness and high research standards. Nawab's valuable contribution as a religious reformer lies in reviving the dynamic and straightforward religion of Islam, particularly as practiced by the early Muslims (Salaf-i-Saliḥin). He emphasized the study of original Islamic sources, challenging the prevalent doctrine of Taqlid in India. As a moderate religious thinker, Nawab opposed fitnah and chaos in religious matters, advocating for the closure of politically motivated controversial issues. His stance against religious innovations, including Bid‘ah and Bid‘ah Hasanah, reflects his commitment to the authenticity of Sunnah. In the realm of Sufism, Nawab, a reformist sufi, endorsed sufism while strictly adhering to the sacred law. He rejected pantheism/unity of being and incarnation, emphasizing adherence to the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah. The present study used the secondary data for analysing the contribution. This research aims to delve into the nuanced contributions of Nawab Ṣiddique Ḥasan Khan to Quranic and Ḥadith studies, recognizing the challenges posed by the condition and quality of his published works. Emphasizing his grand personality and multifaceted contributions to Islamic learning, the study sheds light on the enduring impact of his scholarship on the global Muslim community.
Intense management of sinking secondary schools to convert them into moving education institutions
This paper examines what it takes to emerge with a caring and moving education institution from the initially sinking one whose scholar results were deplorably low from the perspectives of teachers serving in the School Governing Body (SGB) and the Representative Council of Learners (RCL). This study has been motivated by a variety of discourses on scholar performance, the majority of which are centred on the perspectives of external education stakeholders other than teachers and learners serving on a secondary school's governing council. The paper is conceptual and empirical in nature while following the qualitative research paradigm. The question guiding this paper is: how long does it take a sinking secondary school to be turned around into a caring and a moving secondary school? Narrative enquiry and interviewing techniques were employed to generate data. Six secondary schools from one of the circuits in Waterberg region, Limpopo Province, South Africa, were conveniently sampled for this study. Only members of the School Governing Body's teacher components and chairpersons of the Representative Council of Learners (RCL) from each of the six sampled secondary schools participated in the study. Findings revealed that firstly, caring and moving schools do not batter trust with stakeholders. Secondly, caring and moving schools experience minimal derelict of teaching duties by educators. Thirdly, caring and moving schools witness less of derelict of learning responsibility by scholars. Fourthly, there is subjugation of the culture of laziness in caring and moving secondary schools. Fifthly, a policy of remedial lessons for struggling scholars, is upheld in caring and moving schools. Lastly, caring and moving schools experience less of gaping leadership void in their ranks. The researcher recommends for sinking secondary schools to share warm disposition and be friendly with everyone to successfully become caring and moving secondary schools.
Āyatûllāḥ Mûrtazā Mûtaḥḥārī: The Intellectual Architect of Modern Islamic Thought in Iran
This research explores the life and contributions of Āyatûllāḥ Mûrtazā Mûtaḥḥārī, a pivotal figure in Iran's history and Islamic thought. As a distinguished cleric and philosopher, Mûtaḥḥārī, a key associate of Āyatûllāḥ Rūhûllāḥ Kḥomeīnī, played a crucial role in the intellectual renaissance that paved the way for the Islamic Revolution of 1979. By adeptly blending traditional Islamic teachings with contemporary philosophy, he significantly shaped Iran's sociopolitical landscape during this transformative period. This research provides a comprehensive biographical sketch of Mûtaḥḥārī, detailing his early life, education, and critical influences. It emphasizes his dynamic teaching career at the University of Tehran and explores the intellectual currents that informed his philosophical and theological contributions. Mûtaḥḥārī's innovative approach to reconciling Islam with modernity, integrating faith and reason, and critiquing Marxism is thoroughly examined, showcasing his impact on the intersection of religious and contemporary thought. Additionally, the research delves into Mûtaḥḥārī's political and social ideologies, particularly his role in the Islamic revolution, perspectives on Islamic democracy, and critique of materialistic ideologies. It highlights his enduring influence on post-revolutionary Iran, especially in shaping educational and political systems. In conclusion, Mûtaḥḥārī's legacy emerges as a guiding light in contemporary Islamic philosophy and Iranian society, fostering ongoing discussions about the role of religion in the modern world and inspiring scholars globally in the evolving dialogue between Islam and the complexities of the modern era.